<aside>

What is a world English?

• refers to the English language as a lingua franca used in business, trade, diplomacy, and other spheres of global activity

• power makes English a global language

• C15th military/political power

• C16+17th science/literature

• C17th economic

• C18th cultural

World Englishes → refers to the different varieties of English and English-based languages developed in different regions of the world

• new or emerging indigenised varieties of English, particularly developed in territories influenced by UK or US
• English as first Language (L1) or as an official or institutionalised second language (L2) in fields such as government, law, or education
• new varieties of English are constantly being developed and discovered, fuelled by technology
• Money, Infrastructure, and education are needed for English to spread and last

Diaspora → the dispersion or spread of people from their original homeland

The first diaspora was large scale migrations of English speakers from England to North America, the Caribbean, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. English is an L1 in these countries. English in these countries has been influences by huge social change , isolation from homeland and contact with indigenous people.

The second diaspora was the colonisation of Asia and Africa which led to the development of new englishes. These are L2 varieties. This is often when people are obliged to speak English to communicate with a dominant English-speaking authority

</aside>

<aside>

Crystal’s reasons for international status of English

Historical

Internal political

Personal advantage / prestige

External Economic

Practical

Intellectual

Entertainment

</aside>

<aside>

ELF - English as a lingua franca

Barbara Seidhefer ELF : any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option.

It is purpose driven, based on business / some form of transaction, a bridging language, and both parties are non-English speakers.

Jennifer Jenkins - Characteristics of ELF

1. used by speakers of different languages allowing them to comunicate

2. functional form of conversation

3. includes elements of local varieties of English as well as ‘correct’ English

4. context-dependent rather than an all-purpose english

5. users of ELF may have high or low proficiency of English </aside>

<aside>

Models of World English

Case Study 1 - Ghanaian English

Case Study 2: Singlish

</aside>