The expressions 〜にとって, 〜によって, 〜に対して, 〜として, and 〜について are all used to indicate various relationships or contexts in Japanese. Here’s a breakdown of each one, along with their meanings and usages:

1. 〜にとって

• Meaning: "For" or "from the perspective of."
• Usage: This expression is used to indicate how something is perceived or considered from a particular person’s viewpoint.
• Example:
  • 彼にとって、成功は大切です。 ("For him, success is important.")

2. 〜によって

• Meaning: "By" or "due to."
• Usage: This expression is used to indicate the means, method, or cause of an action or event. It can also denote variability or differentiation.
• Example:
  • この問題は専門家によって解決されました。 ("This issue was resolved by experts.")

3. 〜に対して

• Meaning: "Against" or "toward."
• Usage: This expression is used to indicate a direction of action or attitude toward something, often involving contrast or opposition.
• Example:
  • 彼は私の意見に対して反対でした。 ("He was opposed to my opinion.")

4. 〜として

• Meaning: "As" or "in the capacity of."
• Usage: This expression indicates the role or capacity in which someone or something is being considered or regarded.
• Example:
  • 彼女は教師として働いています。 ("She works as a teacher.")

5. 〜について

• Meaning: "About" or "concerning."
• Usage: This expression is used to indicate the topic or subject matter of discussion.