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Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_tile#/media/File:Wang_11_tiles.svg

By Parcly Taxel (Free Art License 1.3)

What is it good for?

Generating non repeating patterns.

Wang tiles have recently become a popular tool for procedural synthesis of textures, heightfields, and other large and nonrepeating bidimensional data sets; a small set of precomputed or hand-made source tiles can be assembled very cheaply without too obvious repetitions and without periodicity.” — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_tile

Learning resources

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykACzjtR6rc

Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FqPbjmNNik