Case Studies:

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Key Terms and Definitions

• Population: The total number of people living in a specific area or country.
• Population Distribution: The pattern of where people live across Earth's surface (even or uneven spread).
• Population Density: The number of individuals living per unit area (usually per km²).
• Sparsely Populated: Areas where few people live, often due to harsh climates or limited resources.
• Densely Populated: Areas with a very high concentration of people, often because of good resources, jobs, and services.
• Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of people that an environment can sustainably support without serious environmental degradation.
• Dependency Ratio: A measure showing the number of dependents (people aged 0–14 and 65+) compared to the working-age population (15–64).
  • Formula = no. of young dependents + no of elderly dependents x 100 / working population </aside>

population indicators

• Birth Rate: Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
• Death Rate: Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
• Natural Increase: Birth rate minus death rate.
• Fertility Rate: Average number of children a woman has in her lifetime.
• Life Expectancy: Average number of years a person is expected to live.
• Infant Mortality Rate: Number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births.
• Population Structure: Composition of a population, often shown in a population pyramid.
• Net Migration: Difference between the number of people entering (immigrants) and leaving (emigrants) a country.
• This data is usually collected through government censuses or hospitals, clinics and other official groups. Although, many countries don’t have access to such ways due to the high costs and use other methods to collect the data, therefore, each country's data cannot be 100% accurate.

population structure:

Populations are divided into 3 sections:

• 0-15 : youthful age
• 15-59 : working age
• Over 60 : aging population
  • When countries have a large population 0-15 year the population is known as youthful
  • population.
  • High birth rate and high death rate means a stable population of one of these factors
  • If it increases or decreases, the population stability will change as well.