• Sulphate
  • Add dilute hydrochloric acid then BaCl2(aq), a white precipitate will remain with excess HCl is added
• Carbonate
  • Add dilute sulfuric acid and CO2 release
  • OR heat the solid (except Na, K and Ba) which’ll give off CO2
• Chloride
  • Add dilute nitric acid then silver nitrate solution
  • White precipitate darkens in sunlight ( turn greyish in colour ) and dissolves in dilute NH3
• Bromide
  • Add dilute nitric acid then silver nitrate solution
  • Cream precipitate darkens in sunlight insoluble in dilute ammonia but dissolves in concentrated NH3
• Iodide
  • Add nitric acid then silver nitrate
  • Yellow precipitate remains when concentrated NO3 is added
• Nitrate
  • Add aluminium powder and sodium hydroxide solution warm
  • Nitrate ions are reduced to ammonia which can be detected by gas turning litmus paper blue