T-shirt

task force

techno Closed compound: technophile, technoanxiety, technological.

teenage, teenager

tele Closed compound: teleprompter, telecommute, teleconference, teleworker.

telephone numbers When printing telephone numbers that include area codes in running text, use hyphens: 440-775-8474. (In stylized typography, such as that used in mastheads or advertising, other typographic methods may be used to separate the sections of a telephone number.)

Do not place area codes in parentheses.

Do not include 1 as part of a toll-free number.

Campus extension numbers should be written with a lowercase x followed by the number: x58474; use full telephone number for external communications.

temperature Always use numerals, except for zero, which should be spelled out, and spell out degrees. Do not use plus (+) and minus (-) signs. In nonscientific contexts, give temperature in the Fahrenheit scale. There is no need to specify Fahrenheit or Celsius, unless the chance of confusion exists.

Incorrect: It is minus seven degrees with the wind-chill factor.

Incorrect: It is -7 degrees with the wind-chill factor.

Better: It is minus 7 degrees with the wind-chill factor.

Best: It is 7 degrees below zero with the wind-chill factor.

textbook

that, which, who, whom (pronouns) Use who and whom in referring to people and to animals with a name: John Jones is the man who helped me. See who, whom.

Use that and which in referring to inanimate objects and to animals without names.

that, which That is used to indicate a specific object, item, person, condition, etc., while which is used to add information to objects, items, people, situations, etc. Which indicates a non-restrictive (optional) clause; it is usually set off by commas before which and at the end of the clause. If the information is essential, use that. If it’s just additional information that’s useful but unnecessary, use which.

Use that to introduce an essential clause: I like to do needlework that has intricate designs. To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment.

Use which to introduce a nonessential clause that refers to an inanimate object: The introductory German course, which was initiated last fall, has been canceled.

the An initial the in periodical titles, even if part of the official title, is lowercased (unless it begins the sentence) and is not italicized. The Chicago Tribune is available*.* She reads the New York Times.

Foreign-language titles retain the article in the original language, if it is an official part of the title. Le Monde.

In names of institutions, companies, associations, and conferences: Full names are capitalized. A the preceding a name, even when part of the official title, is lowercased in running text: the University of Chicago, the Library of Congress, the National Organization for Women, the Ohio State University. Exception: The Cleveland Orchestra is Oberlin preferred in marketing materials and other instances of Oberlin partnership with the orchestra. See names of institutions, titles of works.

3D

time, date, place The sequence is 4 p.m., March 16, in Wilder Hall; 4 p.m., Tuesday, March 16, in Wilder Hall.

time of day Use figures except for noon and midnight. Use a colon to separate hours from minutes: 11 a.m. 1 p.m. 3:30 p.m. noon.

The abbreviations a.m. and p.m. are always lowercased with periods. For posters and other promotional materials, it is also acceptable to use caps without periods. 11 AM, 10 PM.

Never use a.m. with morning, or p.m. with evening; never use o’clock with a.m., p.m., or figures: The show begins at eight o’clock.

Never use the forms 12 a.m., 12 p.m., 12 noon, or 12 midnight. Use midnight and noon instead.

In running text, use to between times: The meeting runs from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.

En dashes can be used between days and times in lists or tabular matter: Monday–Friday; 1–5 p.m. See dash, en dash (–).

time periods Never use a hyphen between two years to indicate a period of time.

A hyphen is used only when the two years are consecutive, as in an academic or fiscal year (e.g., the 2009-10 academic year). See academic year.

time sequences Use figures, colons, and periods as follows: 2:30:21.65 (hours, minutes, seconds, tenths, hundredths).

time zones The abbreviations EST, EDT, CDT, MST, PST, etc. are acceptable on first reference for zones used within the continental United States, Canada, and Mexico only if the abbreviation is linked with a clock reading: noon EST, 9 a.m. PST. The abbreviation is not set off with commas and has no periods between letters.

Spell out all references to time zones not used within the contiguous United States.

Capitalize the full name of the time in force within a particular zone: Eastern Standard Time, Central Standard Time, Mountain Standard Time, Pacific Standard Time, Eastern Daylight Time, etc.

Lowercase all but the region in short forms: the Eastern time zone, Eastern time, Mountain time, etc.

Use EST when referring to times that fall between the first Sunday of November and the second Sunday of March (i.e., cold-weather months).

Use EDT when referring to times that fall between the second Sunday of March and the first Sunday of November (i.e., warm-weather months).

Specify EDT or EST whenever possible, though year-round use of ET (for Eastern Time) is also acceptable.

Spell out time zone in references not accompanied by a clock reading: Chicago is in the Central time zone.

titles, academic and professional Capitalize formal titles when they appear before a person’s name; lowercase when they appear after a person’s name. Professor of Art Henry Jones taught the course. The course is taught by Henry Jones, professor of art. Exception: Endowed Chair, Jane Smith, Esther Hale Chair of English.

Titles are also lowercased when they are used in constructions that are set off by commas: George Bush, the president, is from Texas.

Separate a long title from a name by a construction that requires a comma: Joe Smith, the undersecretary of state for economic affairs, attended the meeting.

Multiple appointments: Use title most appropriate for situation. See capitalization; **titles,** courtesy; titles, honorific.