🧠 Real Name:

• Benedetto Caetani

🏛️ Key Historical Context:

• Reigned during a time of intense conflict between Church and State, especially with King Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") of France.
• Asserted absolute papal authority over all secular rulers — directly challenging royal power.

📜 UNAM SANCTAM (18 November 1302)

🔥 Latin Title Meaning:

"One Holy (Church)"

🧾 Nature of the Document:

• A Papal Bull (formal decree)
• Considered one of the most extreme claims of Papal Supremacy in Catholic history.

🧩 CORE CLAIMS OF UNAM SANCTAM:

1. One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church:

   • Only one true Church under the Pope.
   • Outside of it, there is no salvation (extra Ecclesiam nulla salus).

2. Two Swords Doctrine:

   • Both spiritual and temporal power belong to the Church.
   • Spiritual sword wielded directly by the Church.
   • Temporal sword wielded by kings but only at the pleasure of the Pope.

3. Papal Authority Over Secular Powers:

   "It is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff."

   • This includes kings, emperors, judges, and magistrates.

4. Universal Jurisdiction:

   • The Pope is the vicar of Christ on Earth, with universal dominion.
   • All law flows from the Pope (de facto and de jure, in their view).

⚔️ POLITICAL BATTLE: Boniface VIII vs. Philip IV