Adherence

Virulence Factors

I. For Immune Evasion

• Protein A (S. aureus): Think "A" for "Anti-Antibody." It binds the "A"lternate end (Fc region) of the antibody.
• M Protein (S. pyogenes): Think "M" for "M"olecular "M"imicry (leads to Rheumatic Fever).
• IgA Protease: The "SHiN" bacteria (Stretp. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Neisseria) all have this, allowing them to invade mucosal surfaces.

II. For the "Toxin-Linked-By-Phage" Group (The "ABCDE" list)

Some crucial toxins are encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage (not by the bacterial chromosome itself). Use "ABCDE":

• A – Shiga-like toxin (E. coli / Verotoxin)
• B – Botulinum toxin
• C – Cholera toxin
• D – Diphtheria toxin
• E – Erythrogenic toxin (S. pyogenes/Scarlet fever)

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 is the mutation that leads to carbapenem resistance. Typically found in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia Coli (E. Coli), Enterobacter cloacae and others. First line of management is the old antibiotic colistin and second line may be tigecycline.