https://bgoonz-blog.netlify.app/docs/javascript/
// Single-line comments start with two slashes.
/* Multiline comments start with slash-star,
and end with star-slash */
// Statements can be terminated by ;
doStuff();
// ... but they don't have to be, as semicolons are automatically inserted
// wherever there's a newline, except in certain cases.
doStuff()
// Because those cases can cause unexpected results, we'll keep on using
// semicolons in this guide.
///////////////////////////////////
// 1. Numbers, Strings and Operators
// JavaScript has one number type (which is a 64-bit IEEE 754 double).
// Doubles have a 52-bit mantissa, which is enough to store integers
// up to about 9✕10¹⁵ precisely.
3; // = 3
1.5; // = 1.5
// Some basic arithmetic works as you'd expect.
1 + 1; // = 2
0.1 + 0.2; // = 0.30000000000000004
8 - 1; // = 7
10 * 2; // = 20
35 / 5; // = 7
// Including uneven division.
5 / 2; // = 2.5
// And modulo division.
10 % 2; // = 0
30 % 4; // = 2
18.5 % 7; // = 4.5
// Bitwise operations also work; when you perform a bitwise operation your float
// is converted to a signed int *up to* 32 bits.
1 << 2; // = 4
// Precedence is enforced with parentheses.
(1 + 3) * 2; // = 8
// There are three special not-a-real-number values:
Infinity; // result of e.g. 1/0
-Infinity; // result of e.g. -1/0
NaN; // result of e.g. 0/0, stands for 'Not a Number'
// There's also a boolean type.
true;
false;
// Strings are created with ' or ".
'abc';
"Hello, world";
// Negation uses the ! symbol
!true; // = false
!false; // = true
// Equality is ===
1 === 1; // = true
2 === 1; // = false
// Inequality is !==
1 !== 1; // = false
2 !== 1; // = true
// More comparisons
1 < 10; // = true
1 > 10; // = false
2 <= 2; // = true
2 >= 2; // = true
// Strings are concatenated with +
"Hello " + "world!"; // = "Hello world!"
// ... which works with more than just strings
"1, 2, " + 3; // = "1, 2, 3"
"Hello " + ["world", "!"]; // = "Hello world,!"
// and are compared with < and >
"a" < "b"; // = true
// Type coercion is performed for comparisons with double equals...
"5" == 5; // = true
null == undefined; // = true
// ...unless you use ===
"5" === 5; // = false
null === undefined; // = false
// ...which can result in some weird behaviour...
13 + !0; // 14
"13" + !0; // '13true'
// You can access characters in a string with `charAt`
"This is a string".charAt(0); // = 'T'
// ...or use `substring` to get larger pieces.
"Hello world".substring(0, 5); // = "Hello"
// `length` is a property, so don't use ().
"Hello".length; // = 5
// There's also `null` and `undefined`.
null; // used to indicate a deliberate non-value
undefined; // used to indicate a value is not currently present (although
// `undefined` is actually a value itself)
// false, null, undefined, NaN, 0 and "" are falsy; everything else is truthy.
// Note that 0 is falsy and "0" is truthy, even though 0 == "0".
///////////////////////////////////
// 2. Variables, Arrays and Objects
// Variables are declared with the `var` keyword. JavaScript is dynamically
// typed, so you don't need to specify type. Assignment uses a single `=`
// character.
var someVar = 5;
// If you leave the var keyword off, you won't get an error...
someOtherVar = 10;
// ...but your variable will be created in the global scope, not in the scope
// you defined it in.
// Variables declared without being assigned to are set to undefined.
var someThirdVar; // = undefined
// If you want to declare a couple of variables, then you could use a comma
// separator
var someFourthVar = 2, someFifthVar = 4;
// There's shorthand for performing math operations on variables:
someVar += 5; // equivalent to someVar = someVar + 5; someVar is 10 now
someVar *= 10; // now someVar is 100
// and an even-shorter-hand for adding or subtracting 1
someVar++; // now someVar is 101
someVar--; // back to 100
// Arrays are ordered lists of values, of any type.
var myArray = ["Hello", 45, true];
// Their members can be accessed using the square-brackets subscript syntax.
// Array indices start at zero.
myArray[1]; // = 45
// Arrays are mutable and of variable length.
myArray.push("World");
myArray.length; // = 4
// Add/Modify at specific index
myArray[3] = "Hello";
// Add and remove element from front or back end of an array
myArray.unshift(3); // Add as the first element
someVar = myArray.shift(); // Remove first element and return it
myArray.push(3); // Add as the last element
someVar = myArray.pop(); // Remove last element and return it
// Join all elements of an array with semicolon
var myArray0 = [32,false,"js",12,56,90];
myArray0.join(";") // = "32;false;js;12;56;90"
// Get subarray of elements from index 1 (include) to 4 (exclude)
myArray0.slice(1,4); // = [false,"js",12]
// Remove 4 elements starting from index 2, and insert there strings
// "hi","wr" and "ld"; return removed subarray
myArray0.splice(2,4,"hi","wr","ld"); // = ["js",12,56,90]
// myArray0 === [32,false,"hi","wr","ld"]
// JavaScript's objects are equivalent to "dictionaries" or "maps" in other
// languages: an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
var myObj = {key1: "Hello", key2: "World"};
// Keys are strings, but quotes aren't required if they're a valid
// JavaScript identifier. Values can be any type.
var myObj = {myKey: "myValue", "my other key": 4};
// Object attributes can also be accessed using the subscript syntax,
myObj["my other key"]; // = 4
// ... or using the dot syntax, provided the key is a valid identifier.
myObj.myKey; // = "myValue"
// Objects are mutable; values can be changed and new keys added.
myObj.myThirdKey = true;
// If you try to access a value that's not yet set, you'll get undefined.
myObj.myFourthKey; // = undefined
///////////////////////////////////
// 3. Logic and Control Structures
// The `if` structure works as you'd expect.
var count = 1;
if (count == 3){
// evaluated if count is 3
} else if (count == 4){
// evaluated if count is 4
} else {
// evaluated if it's not either 3 or 4
}
// As does `while`.
while (true){
// An infinite loop!
}
// Do-while loops are like while loops, except they always run at least once.
var input;
do {
input = getInput();
} while (!isValid(input));
// The `for` loop is the same as C and Java:
// initialization; continue condition; iteration.
for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++){
// will run 5 times
}
// Breaking out of labeled loops is similar to Java
outer:
for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
for (var j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
if (i == 5 && j ==5) {
break outer;
// breaks out of outer loop instead of only the inner one
}
}
}
// The for/in statement allows iteration over properties of an object.
var description = "";
var person = {fname:"Paul", lname:"Ken", age:18};
for (var x in person){
description += person[x] + " ";
} // description = 'Paul Ken 18 '
// The for/of statement allows iteration over iterable objects (including the built-in String,
// Array, e.g. the Array-like arguments or NodeList objects, TypedArray, Map and Set,
// and user-defined iterables).
var myPets = "";
var pets = ["cat", "dog", "hamster", "hedgehog"];
for (var pet of pets){
myPets += pet + " ";
} // myPets = 'cat dog hamster hedgehog '
// && is logical and, || is logical or
if (house.size == "big" && house.colour == "blue"){
house.contains = "bear";
}
if (colour == "red" || colour == "blue"){
// colour is either red or blue
}
// && and || "short circuit", which is useful for setting default values.
var name = otherName || "default";
// The `switch` statement checks for equality with `===`.
// Use 'break' after each case
// or the cases after the correct one will be executed too.
grade = 'B';
switch (grade) {
case 'A':
console.log("Great job");
break;
case 'B':
console.log("OK job");
break;
case 'C':
console.log("You can do better");
break;
default:
console.log("Oy vey");
break;
}
///////////////////////////////////
// 4. Functions, Scope and Closures
// JavaScript functions are declared with the `function` keyword.
function myFunction(thing){
return thing.toUpperCase();
}
myFunction("foo"); // = "FOO"
// Note that the value to be returned must start on the same line as the
// `return` keyword, otherwise you'll always return `undefined` due to
// automatic semicolon insertion. Watch out for this when using Allman style.
function myFunction(){
return // <- semicolon automatically inserted here
{thisIsAn: 'object literal'};
}
myFunction(); // = undefined
// JavaScript functions are first class objects, so they can be reassigned to
// different variable names and passed to other functions as arguments - for
// example, when supplying an event handler:
function myFunction(){
// this code will be called in 5 seconds' time
}
setTimeout(myFunction, 5000);
// Note: setTimeout isn't part of the JS language, but is provided by browsers
// and Node.js.
// Another function provided by browsers is setInterval
function myFunction(){
// this code will be called every 5 seconds
}
setInterval(myFunction, 5000);
// Function objects don't even have to be declared with a name - you can write
// an anonymous function definition directly into the arguments of another.
setTimeout(function(){
// this code will be called in 5 seconds' time
}, 5000);
// JavaScript has function scope; functions get their own scope but other blocks
// do not.
if (true){
var i = 5;
}
i; // = 5 - not undefined as you'd expect in a block-scoped language
// This has led to a common pattern of "immediately-executing anonymous
// functions", which prevent temporary variables from leaking into the global
// scope.
(function(){
var temporary = 5;
// We can access the global scope by assigning to the "global object", which
// in a web browser is always `window`. The global object may have a
// different name in non-browser environments such as Node.js.
window.permanent = 10;
})();
temporary; // raises ReferenceError
permanent; // = 10
// One of JavaScript's most powerful features is closures. If a function is
// defined inside another function, the inner function has access to all the
// outer function's variables, even after the outer function exits.
function sayHelloInFiveSeconds(name){
var prompt = "Hello, " + name + "!";
// Inner functions are put in the local scope by default, as if they were
// declared with `var`.
function inner(){
alert(prompt);
}
setTimeout(inner, 5000);
// setTimeout is asynchronous, so the sayHelloInFiveSeconds function will
// exit immediately, and setTimeout will call inner afterwards. However,
// because inner is "closed over" sayHelloInFiveSeconds, inner still has
// access to the `prompt` variable when it is finally called.
}
sayHelloInFiveSeconds("Adam"); // will open a popup with "Hello, Adam!" in 5s
///////////////////////////////////
// 5. More about Objects; Constructors and Prototypes
// Objects can contain functions.
var myObj = {
myFunc: function(){
return "Hello world!";
}
};
myObj.myFunc(); // = "Hello world!"
// When functions attached to an object are called, they can access the object
// they're attached to using the `this` keyword.
myObj = {
myString: "Hello world!",
myFunc: function(){
return this.myString;
}
};
myObj.myFunc(); // = "Hello world!"
// What this is set to has to do with how the function is called, not where
// it's defined. So, our function doesn't work if it isn't called in the
// context of the object.
var myFunc = myObj.myFunc;
myFunc(); // = undefined
// Inversely, a function can be assigned to the object and gain access to it
// through `this`, even if it wasn't attached when it was defined.
var myOtherFunc = function(){
return this.myString.toUpperCase();
};
myObj.myOtherFunc = myOtherFunc;
myObj.myOtherFunc(); // = "HELLO WORLD!"
// We can also specify a context for a function to execute in when we invoke it
// using `call` or `apply`.
var anotherFunc = function(s){
return this.myString + s;
};
anotherFunc.call(myObj, " And Hello Moon!"); // = "Hello World! And Hello Moon!"
// The `apply` function is nearly identical, but takes an array for an argument
// list.
anotherFunc.apply(myObj, [" And Hello Sun!"]); // = "Hello World! And Hello Sun!"
// This is useful when working with a function that accepts a sequence of
// arguments and you want to pass an array.
Math.min(42, 6, 27); // = 6
Math.min([42, 6, 27]); // = NaN (uh-oh!)
Math.min.apply(Math, [42, 6, 27]); // = 6
// But, `call` and `apply` are only temporary. When we want it to stick, we can
// use `bind`.
var boundFunc = anotherFunc.bind(myObj);
boundFunc(" And Hello Saturn!"); // = "Hello World! And Hello Saturn!"
// `bind` can also be used to partially apply (curry) a function.
var product = function(a, b){ return a * b; };
var doubler = product.bind(this, 2);
doubler(8); // = 16
// When you call a function with the `new` keyword, a new object is created, and
// made available to the function via the `this` keyword. Functions designed to be
// called like that are called constructors.
var MyConstructor = function(){
this.myNumber = 5;
};
myNewObj = new MyConstructor(); // = {myNumber: 5}
myNewObj.myNumber; // = 5
// Unlike most other popular object-oriented languages, JavaScript has no
// concept of 'instances' created from 'class' blueprints; instead, JavaScript
// combines instantiation and inheritance into a single concept: a 'prototype'.
// Every JavaScript object has a 'prototype'. When you go to access a property
// on an object that doesn't exist on the actual object, the interpreter will
// look at its prototype.
// Some JS implementations let you access an object's prototype on the magic
// property `__proto__`. While this is useful for explaining prototypes it's not
// part of the standard; we'll get to standard ways of using prototypes later.
var myObj = {
myString: "Hello world!"
};
var myPrototype = {
meaningOfLife: 42,
myFunc: function(){
return this.myString.toLowerCase();
}
};
myObj.__proto__ = myPrototype;
myObj.meaningOfLife; // = 42
// This works for functions, too.
myObj.myFunc(); // = "hello world!"
// Of course, if your property isn't on your prototype, the prototype's
// prototype is searched, and so on.
myPrototype.__proto__ = {
myBoolean: true
};
myObj.myBoolean; // = true
// There's no copying involved here; each object stores a reference to its
// prototype. This means we can alter the prototype and our changes will be
// reflected everywhere.
myPrototype.meaningOfLife = 43;
myObj.meaningOfLife; // = 43
// The for/in statement allows iteration over properties of an object,
// walking up the prototype chain until it sees a null prototype.
for (var x in myObj){
console.log(myObj[x]);
}
///prints:
// Hello world!
// 43
// [Function: myFunc]
// true
// To only consider properties attached to the object itself
// and not its prototypes, use the `hasOwnProperty()` check.
for (var x in myObj){
if (myObj.hasOwnProperty(x)){
console.log(myObj[x]);
}
}
///prints:
// Hello world!
// We mentioned that `__proto__` was non-standard, and there's no standard way to
// change the prototype of an existing object. However, there are two ways to
// create a new object with a given prototype.
// The first is Object.create, which is a recent addition to JS, and therefore
// not available in all implementations yet.
var myObj = Object.create(myPrototype);
myObj.meaningOfLife; // = 43
// The second way, which works anywhere, has to do with constructors.
// Constructors have a property called prototype. This is *not* the prototype of
// the constructor function itself; instead, it's the prototype that new objects
// are given when they're created with that constructor and the new keyword.
MyConstructor.prototype = {
myNumber: 5,
getMyNumber: function(){
return this.myNumber;
}
};
var myNewObj2 = new MyConstructor();
myNewObj2.getMyNumber(); // = 5
myNewObj2.myNumber = 6;
myNewObj2.getMyNumber(); // = 6
// Built-in types like strings and numbers also have constructors that create
// equivalent wrapper objects.
var myNumber = 12;
var myNumberObj = new Number(12);
myNumber == myNumberObj; // = true
// Except, they aren't exactly equivalent.
typeof myNumber; // = 'number'
typeof myNumberObj; // = 'object'
myNumber === myNumberObj; // = false
if (0){
// This code won't execute, because 0 is falsy.
}
if (new Number(0)){
// This code will execute, because wrapped numbers are objects, and objects
// are always truthy.
}
// However, the wrapper objects and the regular builtins share a prototype, so
// you can actually add functionality to a string, for instance.
String.prototype.firstCharacter = function(){
return this.charAt(0);
};
"abc".firstCharacter(); // = "a"
// This fact is often used in "polyfilling", which is implementing newer
// features of JavaScript in an older subset of JavaScript, so that they can be
// used in older environments such as outdated browsers.
// For instance, we mentioned that Object.create isn't yet available in all
// implementations, but we can still use it with this polyfill:
if (Object.create === undefined){ // don't overwrite it if it exists
Object.create = function(proto){
// make a temporary constructor with the right prototype
var Constructor = function(){};
Constructor.prototype = proto;
// then use it to create a new, appropriately-prototyped object
return new Constructor();
};
}
/* *******************************************************************************************
* GLOBAL OBJECTS > OBJECT
* <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object>
* ******************************************************************************************* */
// Global object: properties
Object.length // length is a property of a function object, and indicates how many arguments the function expects, i.e. the number of formal parameters. This number does not include the rest parameter. Has a value of 1.
Object.prototype // Represents the Object prototype object and allows to add new properties and methods to all objects of type Object.
// Methods of the Object constructor
Object.assign(target, ...sources) // Copies the values of all enumerable own properties from one or more source objects to a target object. method is used to copy the values of all enumerable own properties from one or more source objects to a target object. It will return the target object
Object.create(MyObject) // Creates a new object with the specified prototype object and properties. The object which should be the prototype of the newly-created object.
Object.defineProperty(obj, prop, descriptor) // Adds the named property described by a given descriptor to an object.
Object.defineProperties(obj, props) // Adds the named properties described by the given descriptors to an object.
Object.entries(obj) // Returns an array containing all of the [key, value] pairs of a given object's own enumerable string properties.
Object.freeze(obj) // Freezes an object: other code can't delete or change any properties.
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj, prop) // Returns a property descriptor for a named property on an object.
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(obj) // Returns an object containing all own property descriptors for an object.
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj) // Returns an array containing the names of all of the given object's own enumerable and non-enumerable properties.
Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(obj) // Returns an array of all symbol properties found directly upon a given object.
Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) // Returns the prototype of the specified object.
Object.is(value1, value2); // Compares if two values are the same value. Equates all NaN values (which differs from both Abstract Equality Comparison and Strict Equality Comparison).
Object.isExtensible(obj) // Determines if extending of an object is allowed.
Object.isFrozen(obj) // Determines if an object was frozen.
Object.isSealed(obj) // Determines if an object is sealed.
Object.keys(obj) // Returns an array containing the names of all of the given object's own enumerable string properties.
Object.preventExtensions(obj) // Prevents any extensions of an object.
Object.seal(obj) // Prevents other code from deleting properties of an object.
Object.setPrototypeOf(obj, prototype) // Sets the prototype (i.e., the internal [[Prototype]] property).
Object.values(obj) // Returns an array containing the values that correspond to all of a given object's own enumerable string properties.
// Object instances and Object prototype object (Object.prototype.property or Object.prototype.method())
// Properties
obj.constructor // Specifies the function that creates an object's prototype.
obj.__proto__ // Points to the object which was used as prototype when the object was instantiated.
// Methods
obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) // Returns a boolean indicating whether an object contains the specified property as a direct property of that object and not inherited through the prototype chain.
prototypeObj.isPrototypeOf(object) // Returns a boolean indicating whether the object this method is called upon is in the prototype chain of the specified object.
obj.propertyIsEnumerable(prop) // Returns a boolean indicating if the internal ECMAScript [[Enumerable]] attribute is set.
obj.toLocaleString() // Calls toString().
obj.toString() // Returns a string representation of the object.
object.valueOf() // Returns the primitive value of the specified object.
/* *******************************************************************************************
* GLOBAL OBJECTS > ARRAY
* <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array>
* ******************************************************************************************* */
// Global object: properties
Array.length // Reflects the number of elements in an array.
Array.prototype // Represents the prototype for the Array constructor and allows to add new properties and methods to all Array objects.
// Global object: methods
Array.from(arrayLike[, mapFn[, thisArg]]) // Creates a new Array instance from an array-like or iterable object.
Array.isArray(obj) // Returns true if a variable is an array, if not false.
Array.of(element0[, element1[, ...[, elementN]]]) // Creates a new Array instance with a variable number of arguments, regardless of number or type of the arguments.
// Instance: properties
arr.length // Reflects the number of elements in an array.
// Instance: mutator methods
arr.copyWithin(target, start, end) // Copies a sequence of array elements within the array.
arr.fill(value, start, end) // Fills all the elements of an array from a start index to an end index with a static value.
arr.pop() // Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.
arr.push([element1[, ...[, elementN]]]) // Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.
arr.reverse() // Reverses the order of the elements of an array in place — the first becomes the last, and the last becomes the first.
arr.shift() // Removes the first element from an array and returns that element.
arr.sort() // Sorts the elements of an array in place and returns the array.
array.splice(start, deleteCount, item1, item2, ...) // Adds and/or removes elements from an array.
arr.unshift([element1[, ...[, elementN]]]) // Adds one or more elements to the front of an array and returns the new length of the array.
// Instance: accessor methods
arr.concat(value1[, value2[, ...[, valueN]]]) // Returns a new array comprised of this array joined with other array(s) and/or value(s).
arr.includes(searchElement, fromIndex) // Determines whether an array contains a certain element, returning true or false as appropriate.
arr.indexOf(searchElement[, fromIndex]) // Returns the first (least) index of an element within the array equal to the specified value, or -1 if none is found.
arr.join(separator) // Joins all elements of an array into a string.
arr.lastIndexOf(searchElement, fromIndex) // Returns the last (greatest) index of an element within the array equal to the specified value, or -1 if none is found.
arr.slice(begin, end) // Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.
arr.toString() // Returns a string representing the array and its elements. Overrides the Object.prototype.toString() method.
arr.toLocaleString(locales, options) // Returns a localized string representing the array and its elements. Overrides the Object.prototype.toLocaleString() method.
// Instance: iteration methods
arr.entries() // Returns a new Array Iterator object that contains the key/value pairs for each index in the array.
arr.every(callback[, thisArg]) // Returns true if every element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.
arr.filter(callback[, thisArg]) // Creates a new array with all of the elements of this array for which the provided filtering function returns true.
arr.find(callback[, thisArg]) // Returns the found value in the array, if an element in the array satisfies the provided testing function or undefined if not found.
arr.findIndex(callback[, thisArg]) // Returns the found index in the array, if an element in the array satisfies the provided testing function or -1 if not found.
arr.forEach(callback[, thisArg]) // Calls a function for each element in the array.
arr.keys() // Returns a new Array Iterator that contains the keys for each index in the array.
arr.map(callback[, initialValue]) // Creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every element in this array.
arr.reduce(callback[, initialValue]) // Apply a function against an accumulator and each value of the array (from left-to-right) as to reduce it to a single value.
arr.reduceRight(callback[, initialValue]) // Apply a function against an accumulator and each value of the array (from right-to-left) as to reduce it to a single value.
arr.some(callback[, initialValue]) // Returns true if at least one element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.
arr.values() // Returns a new Array Iterator object that contains the values for each index in the array.
Plain Old JS Object Lesson Concepts
. vs [] when accessing values of an object - dot syntax object.key - easier to read - easier to write - cannot use variables as keys - keys cannot begin with a number - bracket notation object["key] - allows variables as keys - strings that start with numbers can be use as keys - Write an object literal with a variable key using interpolationlet a = "b";
let obj = {
a: "letter_a",
[a]: "letter b"
}
obj[key] !== undefined pattern to check if a given variable that contains a key exists in an object(key in object) syntax interchangeably (returns a boolean)Object.keys(obj) returns an array of all the keys in objObject.values(obj) returns an array of the values in objfor in looplet printValues = function(obj) {
for (let key in obj) {
let value = obj[key];
console.log(value);
}
}
...rest syntax to accept an arbitrary number of arguments