Normal urinalysis has <5 RBCs per hpf

False positive for hematuria on dipstick are caused by hemoglobin or myoglobin in the urine.

Gross hematuria may be due to:

• renal (eg, glomerulonephritis, infection),
• ureteral (eg, nephrolithiasis),
• bladder (eg, cystitis, malignancy), or
• urethral (eg, urethritis, prostatitis) etiologies0

First step of evaluation - urinalysis (UA) and urine culture

Clinical approach: Upper tract vs Lower tract

Upper Tract :

• RBC casts, Proteinuria, elevated Creatinine

Lower Tract:

• LUTS, No proteinuria, normal renal function

Helical CT is the initial diagnostic test of choice

Ultrasound if renal disease or pregnancy

Urologic malignancies

About 13% of all cancers are urologic cancers, which primarily include prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers.