Gram Negative Bacteria

PYR = Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase

Urease breaks down urea into NH3 and CO2

Virulence Factor

Endotoxin = LPS, which is not actively secreted (only when bacteria died - memb: break down or sometimes during cell division)

LPS is a very long, heat-stable molecule arranged into three regions: O antigen, core polysaccharide, and Lipid A.

Lipid A is responsible for the toxic properties of LPS (release of IL-1, TNF-alpha, etc) that lead to Gram-ve sepsis and endotoxic septic shock.

Campylobacter

Bordetella pertussis

Gram ⊝, aerobic coccobacillus.

Virulence factors include pertussis toxin, AB exotoxin that catalyzes ribosylation of Gi) and tracheal cytotoxin

increased cAMP --> increased insulin production, lymphocyte and neutrophil dysfunction, and increased sensitivity to histamine.

Three clinical stages:

1. Catarrhal— low-grade fevers, coryza.
2. Paroxysmal—paroxysms of intense cough followed by inspiratory “whoop” (“whooping cough”), posttussive vomiting.
3. Convalescent—gradual recovery of chronic cough.

Delftia acidovorans