The cotton wool spots seen on fundoscopy represents Purtscher (ischemic) retinopathy.

This condition may be seen following head trauma and in conditions such as acute pancreatitis, fat embolisation, amniotic fluid embolisation, and vasculitic diseases

Papilloedema

Papilloedema describes optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. It is almost always bilateral.

The following features may be observed during fundoscopy:

• venous engorgement: usually the first sign
• loss of venous pulsation: although many normal patients do not have normal pulsation
• blurring of the optic disc margin
• elevation of optic disc
• loss of the optic cup
• Paton's lines: concentric/radial retinal lines cascading from the optic disc

Causes of papilloedema

• space-occupying lesion: neoplastic, vascular
• malignant hypertension
• idiopathic intracranial hypertension
• hydrocephalus
• hypercapnia

Rare causes include