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1. Understanding Linux Filesystems

View Supported Filesystems

cat /proc/filesystems    # Kernel-supported filesystems
cat /etc/filesystems     # Filesystems tried by `mount` (if no type specified)
man fs                   # Manual: overview of filesystem types

✅ Common filesystems: ext4, xfs, ext2, vfat, ntfs

2. Creating and Inspecting Filesystems

Create ext2 Filesystem

sudo mke2fs /dev/sdb     # Format entire disk as ext2

⚠️ Warning: This destroys all data on /dev/sdb!

Verify Filesystem

sudo blkid /dev/sdb      # Show UUID, TYPE
lsblk -f                 # List disks with filesystem info

Inspect Filesystem Details

sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sdb | grep -i "block count"  # Total blocks
sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sdb | grep -i "reserved"     # Reserved blocks for root

Adjust Reserved Blocks

By default, 5% of space is reserved for root (prevents system crash when full).

Reduce to 10% (example—usually you decrease this, e.g., to 1%):

sudo tune2fs -m 10 /dev/sdb    # Set 10% reserved blocks
sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sdb | grep -i "reserved"  # Verify

💡 Tip: For large data disks, reduce reserved space:

sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sdb → only 1% reserved.