- Heating under reflux
- Distillation
- Ways to Reduce Experimental Errors
- Ensure measurement accuracy
- Anhydrous calcium chloride turns from white to blue - Drying agent
- Dehydrating agent - phosphoric acid
- Removing inorganic impurities - wash with distilled / deionised water
- Sodium Hydrocarbonate - neutralise acid
- Evidence for water - anhydrous copper sulfate turns from white to blue
Assumption of experiment results - no heat lost/gained, reactions go to completion, heat capacity of solution is same as water, density is 1g cm^-3