13:45 - Opening the episode, winemaker Nick “Duggie” Dugmore shared his work on Kangaroo Island and, along the way, explained two certifications you’ll frequently see on shelves: Biodynamic and Regenerative Organic Certified.

• Biodynamic Certifications build on organic standards and treat the farm as a self contained living system, with added requirements for biodiversity, soil health, and on farm self sufficiency. Demeter International is the oldest and most widely recognized biodynamic certifier, operating in more than 60 countries and stewarding the Demeter and Biodynamic standards globally.
• Regenerative Organic Certified is a high standard certification that expands on USDA Organic by adding requirements for soil health, animal welfare, and social fairness. The certification is administered by the nonprofit Regenerative Organic Alliance.

21:30 - Duggie shared that after receiving his cancer diagnosis, he went deep into research on cancer development and environmental influences, ultimately identifying glyphosate as a potential trigger of the disease. Through this process, he began connecting human health to the gut microbiome, noting that roughly 90 percent of serotonin is produced in the gut, with only a small portion produced by the nervous system (source).

He traced glyphosate’s origins from its early use as a metal chelator to its adoption in agriculture for its ability to disrupt the shikimate pathway, a mechanism essential to plant growth and long assumed to be harmless to humans. However, research shows that roughly half of the human gut microbiome relies on this same pathway and is therefore sensitive to glyphosate exposure, with studies also linking glyphosate related microbiome disruption to increased intestinal permeability, often referred to as leaky gut ([source](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10330715/#:~:text=Abstract,known marker of intestinal inflammation.), [source](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38994673/#:~:text=This review aimed to observe,Crohn's disease and Alzheimer's disease.), source.

Duggie’s research highlighted the deep connection between gut health and systemic health, outlining proposed mechanisms by which microbiome disruption may contribute to the rise of chronic human health conditions.

These topics are explored in greater depth in Episode 1, The Chemical Within, with Zach Bush MD, and Episode 3, Connecting the Dots, with Stephanie Seneff. Listeners are encouraged to review those episodes and their accompanying guides for a deeper understanding of the research and mechanisms discussed.

Duggie also highlighted the book The Mind-Gut Connection by Dr. Emeran Mayer as a tool to better understand how these systems interconnect.

Furthermore, Duggie highlighted the role of GMO seeds and pre harvest desiccation in driving the rise of glyphosate use and exposure. These topics are explored in greater depth in Episode 4, Seeds of Control, with Jeffrey Smith, and Episode 7, The Long Game, with Dr. Charles Benbrook. Listeners are encouraged to review those episodes and their accompanying guides for a deeper understanding of the corporate influence and regulatory failures that have enabled glyphosate to become the most widely used pesticide.

30:55 - Duggie shared that in his research he saw claims suggesting that in the U.S., 30 percent of oncologist income comes from administering chemotherapy. While we were not able to find literature supporting that specific figure, research does show that a significant share of oncology practice revenue is tied to chemotherapy and related treatments, with some reports estimating that up to 65 percent of practice revenue comes from treatment administration. Some oncologists also report that their income increases with treatment volume. This does not prove inappropriate care, but it highlights how certain payment structures can create financial incentives within cancer treatment systems ([source](https://www.reuters.com/article/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/some-cancer-docs-say-their-income-tied-to-treatments-idUSBRE8BP0FT/#:~:text=According to Keating and her,evaluating and managing patients'%20cancers.)).

32:00 - Duggie shared how historically, human societies migrated to new lands after depleting the soil in a region, a concept he learned from the book Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations by David Montgomery. For readers interested in exploring this further, we recommend reviewing this book along with other works by David Montgomery and Anne Biklé, available through their Dig2Grow project.