Causes of ST depression

 normal if upward sloping

 ischaemia

 digoxin

 hypokalaemia

 syndrome X

Causes of ST elevation

 myocardial infarction

 pericarditis

 normal variant ‐  'high take‐off'

 left ventricular aneurysm

 Prinzmetal's angina (coronary artery spasm)

 rare: subarachnoid haemorrhage, part of spectrum of changes in hyperkalaemia