"Higher current → more heat" effects:

• The proportion of cell energy lost to Joule heating is roughly IR/V, i. e. depends linearly on the charging or discharging current.
• Faster charging increases diffusion resistance by "clumping" too many ions at the charge transfer boundary.
• Fast charging leads to spatial battery inhomogeneities (see Cell size tradeoff), which means heat losses (it takes work to create these inhomogeneities).

Negative feedback: initial heat generation increases the temperature of the battery and thus decreases its internal resistance, thus making Joule heating lower. The overall heat generation by a battery is lower at lower temperatures [1].

Resources

[1] Analysis of the heat generation of lithium-ion battery during charging and discharging considering different influencing factors