Macro-scale inhomogeneities make semi-empirical and data-driven cell models more attractive than bottom-up physics-based models

Cell degradation

Electrode voltage curves are steeper when the electrode has little lithium

Positive feedback loops of cell degradation

We can discern between the physical causes of cell degradation by looking at the OCV function

References

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775316316998