| Externalities |
Subdomain |
Example Variables |
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Air pollution |
PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, Ozone (O₃), CO₂ emissions per capita |
sensors.AFRICA Air Quality Archive |
OpenAFRICA |
https://open.africa/dataset |
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PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter) - Kenya |
World Bank Group |
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3?locations=KE&view=chart&utm |
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air-quality.com -Air Matters |
https://air-quality.com/country/kenya/e005448e?lang=en&standard=aqi_us&utm |
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Kenya Air Quality Index (AQI) |
Air Pollution (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, Ozone (O₃), CO₂ ) |
AQI |
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Predicted Urbanisation Extent In Kenya 2025 |
Kenya Space Agency |
https://datahub.ksa.go.ke/maps/Spatial Planning/201d0f97-9201-4312-87c5-6fc5daca9701 https://datahub.ksa.go.ke/maps/Spatial Planning/9efc27be-8b4f-4a94-92c4-bfc44632fca5https://datahub.ksa.go.ke/collections/Kenya Urbanization Extent 2015 -2030 |
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Kenya Land Surface Temperature 2022 |
Kenya Space Agency |
**https://datahub.ksa.go.ke/maps/Climate and Weather/60008ce1-728c-476e-9b18-0950911099a1** |
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Water pollution |
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH levels, turbidity, heavy metal concentrations |
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Noise pollution |
Average decibel levels, proximity to industrial zones or highways |
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Health effects |
Hospital admissions due to respiratory illnesses, asthma rates, pollution-related deaths |
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Waste |
Industrial waste discharge, illegal dumping rates, urban waste per capita |
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| Resource Valuation |
Subdomain |
Example Variables |
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Willingness-to-pay |
Stated preference values (Ksh or USD), percent willing to pay, demographic data |
Willingness to pay and participate in improved water quality |
Mendeley |
https://www.mdpi.com/995118 https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/343260/files/Households’ Willingness to Pay for Water.pdf https://data.mendeley.com/journal/00950696 |
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Hedonic pricing |
Property price, distance to green space/landfill/industrial site |
Environmental Economics Data |
Environmental EConomics |
Environmental Economics Data |
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Travel cost method |
Travel distance, cost, frequency of visits to natural sites |
Kenya - International Tourism, Expenditures For Travel Items - 2025 Data 2026 Forecast 1995-2019 Historical |
Trading Economics |
Kenya - International Tourism, Expenditures For Travel Items - 2025 Data 2026 Forecast 1995-2019 Historical |
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Replacement cost method |
Cost of alternative provision (e.g., clean water filters), cost of reforestation |
Restoration Database |
Society for Ecological Restoration |
https://ser-rrc.org/restoration-database/ |
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Contingent valuation |
Hypothetical payment amounts for conservation or pollution reduction |
Estimating willingness to pay for the conservation of wetland ecosystems, Lake Victoria as a case study |
Academia |
Estimating willingness to pay for the conservation of wetland ecosystems, Lake Victoria as a case study https://www.academia.edu/52604776/Contingent_valuation_of_river_pollution_control_and_domestic_water_supply_in_Kenya |
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| Sustainability Metrics |
Subdomain |
Example Variables |
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Land use & ecosystems |
Land cover type, % forest cover, rate of deforestation, NDVI index |
Quantifying Tree Cover Loss in Urban Forests within Nairobi City |
MDPI |
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4931/3/1/78?utm_source=chatgpt.com |
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Natural and environmental resources |
KNBS |
https://www.knbs.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2023-Economic-Survey-Kenya-Environment-and-Natural-Resources.xlsx |
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space4water |
https://www.space4water.org/geoss |
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Renewable resources |
Annual fish catch, timber harvested, water availability |
Measurement Stations |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Measurement+stations |
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Energy efficiency |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Energy+efficiency |
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Solar |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Solar |
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Non-renewable resources |
Coal/oil/gas reserves, mineral extraction volumes |
Energy Access |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Energy+access |
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Energy demand |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Energy+demand |
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Pipeline networks |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Pipeline+networks |
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Ecological footprint |
Biocapacity per capita, ecological deficit, carbon footprint |
Physical features |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Physical+features |
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Water |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Water |
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Urbanization pressure |
Urban sprawl rate, impervious surface area, population density |
Transport |
Energydata.info |
https://energydata.info/dataset/?vocab_country_names=KEN&vocab_topics=Transport |
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Predicted Urbanisation Extent In Kenya 2025 |
Kenya Space Agency |
https://datahub.ksa.go.ke/maps/Spatial Planning/201d0f97-9201-4312-87c5-6fc5daca9701 https://datahub.ksa.go.ke/maps/Spatial Planning/9efc27be-8b4f-4a94-92c4-bfc44632fca5https://datahub.ksa.go.ke/collections/Kenya Urbanization Extent 2015 -2030 |
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Urban population |
World Bank Group |
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=KE |
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Urban Indicators |
UN Habitat |
https://data.unhabitat.org/pages/datasets |
| Policy and Economic Instruments |
Subdomain |
Example Variables |
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Carbon pricing |
Carbon tax rate (USD/ton CO₂), revenues from emissions trading |
Carbon FootPrint of Bank Loans |
International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
https://climatedata.imf.org/datasets/596f11fea29d429ba6c5507e3756a751 |
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CO₂ Emissions embodied in Domestic Final Demand, Production, and Trade |
International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
https://climatedata.imf.org/datasets/7ba962035bb548bb9893add2b5491896 |
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Carbon Pricing Dashboard Dataset |
World Bank |
https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/data-latest.xlsx |
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Subsidies & taxes |
Fuel subsidy amount, renewable energy tax credit, fertilizer tax rate |
Monthly and historical fuel pricing breakdowns including subsidies |
EPRA |
https://www.epra.go.ke/pump-prices |
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OpenAFRICA |
https://open.africa/dataset/monthly-fuel-pump-prices-in-kenya https://open.africa/dataset/kenya-economic-survey-report-2023/resource/627d5533-b1c6-46da-8c58-3270288ac4da |
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Tax credits for renewables and environmental goods |
OECD |
https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GREEN_GROWTH |
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Fuel subsidy values by country, including Kenya |
International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/climate-change/energy-subsidies |
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Environmental regulations |
Number of EIA-approved projects, enforcement rate, compliance cost |
EIA approvals database, compliance audits, enforcement reports |
NEMA |
https://www.nema.go.ke |
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strength of regulations and enforcement |
OECD |
https://www.oecd.org/environment/tools-evaluation/environmentalpolicystringency.htm |
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Cap-and-trade systems |
Emissions quota, permit prices, total allocated emissions |
Carbon Pricing Dashboard Dataset |
World Bank |
https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/data-latest.xlsx |
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Country Emissions(Emission reduction targets, permit trading details) |
Climate Action Tracker |
https://climateactiontracker.org/cat-data-explorer/country-emissions/ |
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Green investment |
Amount of green bonds issued, public spending on renewables |
Green Bonds |
International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
https://climatedata.imf.org/datasets/8e2772e0b65f4e33a80183ce9583d062 |
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Landscape Of Climate Finance in Africa(2024 & 2022) |
Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) |
https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/resources/data-visualizations/ |
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Public and private renewable energy investment data |
Green Bond Transparency Platform (by IDB) |
https://www.greenbondtransparency.com/support/resources/ |
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| Economic-Environmental Linkages |
Subdomain |
Example Variables |
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Climate and GDP impact |
GDP growth rate, rainfall anomaly, agriculture output vs. climate shocks |
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Agriculture and environment |
Fertilizer use, irrigation area, crop yield, soil degradation index |
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Employment in green sectors |
Number of jobs in renewable energy, forestry, waste recycling |
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Environmental degradation costs |
Cost of floods, droughts, healthcare costs linked to pollution |
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Climate vulnerability/resilience |
Drought frequency, resilience index, number of climate adaptation projects |
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