Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

Microvascular Vs Macrovascular

Optimization of glycemic control in diabetes mellitus is associated with a reduced risk of microvascular complications mainly. (benefit on preventing macrovascular complications is not very well established yet; ?long-term benefit)

Gastroparesis

treated with metoclopramide or erythromycin

Erectile Dysfunction

affects ~50% of male after 10 years of diabetes

Treat with sildenafil

Neuropathy

1. (symmetric) peripheral neuropathy - most common
2. mononeuropathy
3. autonomic neuropathy
4. numbness, paresthesia, and pain being prevalent

Best initial/next step: physical exam and tuning fork test;

absent reflexes and loss of vibratory sense