Maximum efficiency of pipelining: Free from Data Hazards, Control Hazards, Structural Hazards.

Processors are still getting more powerful but Memory Wall remains a challenge (Memory is far away, Memory bandwidth is insufficient)

Memory Wall

Memory Wall: the growing gap between the speed of processors and the speed of main memory (DRAM). (gap between CPU and main memory)

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Latency

如何减少延迟 (Reduction)?

如何隐藏延迟 (Hiding)?

既然等待不可避免,那就想办法在等待的时候做点别的事情,不让大脑闲着。

Bandwidth

内存带宽 (Memory bandwidth): 指的是CPU和主内存之间数据传输的速率。