Cancer incidence

Male:    Prostate >> Lung >> Colorectal

Female: Breast >> Lung >> Colorectal

Cancer death

Male:  Lung >> Prostate >> Colorectal

Female:  Lung >> Breast >> Colorectal

"PLC & BLC" when it comes to death just swap the first 2"

Many chemicals can induce cancer in humans, with most such substance sexisting in an inactive, pro-carcinogenic state.

Pro-carcinogens are metabolized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, an enzyme system present in hepatic microsomes and the ER of varied other tissues.

CYP450 monooxygenase metabolizes steroids, alcohol, toxins, and other foreign substances by rendering them soluble and easier to excrete. Unfortunately, this metabolic processing also converts pro-carcinogens into carcinogens capable of causing mutations in human DNA

Glutathione-S-transferase => for detoxification of some chemical carcinogens

Glucuronide transferase => for bilirubin conjugation

Testicular Cancer

occurs most often in young men between ages of 20 and 40

In men over 50, should consider a testicular mass to be a lymphoma until proven otherwise

could be seminoma or non-seminoma

Seminoma may produce bhCG if they have some cells of trophoblastic origin but they NEVER produce AFP (Non-seminoma yolk sac tumor may do)

over 80% of germ cell tumors have an isochromosome 12p (an extra copy of the short arm of 12)

most are hyperdiploid; allelic loss is noted

usually present as localized disease