Exceptions in C++ are a language-level error-handling mechanism.

They allow you to signal that something unexpected has happened, separate normal code from error-handling code, and ensure automatic cleanup during stack unwinding.

Exceptions are not used for debugging; they are used for recovering from runtime errors or reporting unexpected conditions in a controlled way. Debugging is a separate process.

How They Are Used :

we use the exceptions using the syntax of c++98 , by overriding the what() function defined in the exception stander class .

You use exceptions by:

1. Throwing an exception when an error occurs:

   throw MyError("failed");
   

2. Catching it where you can handle it:

   catch (const std::exception& e) { 
   std::cout << e.what();
   }
   

3. Defining custom exception types by inheriting from std::exception (recommended but not required).

Creating Custom Exceptions :

You can create your own exception classes by publicly inheriting from std::exception and optionally overriding the virtual what() function.

Why override what()?

The base std::exception::what() returns a generic message: "std::exception".

Custom exceptions often need to provide more specific error information.