Bladder

Indications for cystoscopy

1. Gross hematuria with no evidence of glomerular disease or infection
2. microscopic hematuria with no evidence of glomerular disease or infection but increased risk for malignancy
3. Recurrent UTIs
4. obstructive symptoms with suspicion for stricture, stone
5. irritative symptoms without urinary infection
6. Abnormal bladder imaging or urine cytology

Cystitis

Interstitial Cystitis

Urinary schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)

mainly by Schistosoma haematobium

migrants - eg. Egypt/ Africa

Cystitis with terminal hematuria

Haemorrhagic Cystitis related to cyclophosphamide

Neoplasm of Lower Urinary Tract

Urothelial Tumors