Risk factors for urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma of the bladder include:

• Smoking
  • most important risk factor in western countries
  • hazard ratio is around 4
• Exposure to aniline dyes
  • for example working in the printing and textile industry
  • examples are 2-naphthylamine and benzidine
• Rubber manufacture
• Cyclophosphamide

Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder include:

• Schistosomiasis
• Smoking