Axis deviation

Left axis deviation (LAD)

• left anterior hemiblock
• left bundle branch block
• WPW (right-sided accessory pathway)
• hyperkalaemia
• ostium primum ASD, tricuspid atresia
• minor LAD in obesity

Right axis deviation (RAD)

• right ventricular hypertrophy
• left posterior hemiblock
• chronic lung disease
• pulmonary embolism
• ostium secundum ASD
• WPW (left-sided accessory pathway)
• normal in infants (<1 year)
• minor RAD in tall people