ADR

Type A (augmented) reactions:

 Dose – related

 Common, predictable

 Related to pharmacology

 Unlikely to be fatal

 Examples: Digoxin toxicity or constipation with opioid analgesics or bruising with warfarin

Type B (bizarre) reactions:

 Not dose related (within the therapeutic dose range)

 Uncommon, unpredictable

 Not related to pharmacology

 Often fatal

 Examples: Malignant hyperthermia and hepatitis caused by anaesthetic agents or

hypersensitivity to penicillin

Type C (chronic) reactions:

 Related to cumulative dose

 Uncommon

 Time-related

 Examples: Suppression to the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis with long term

corticosteroids