For real-world systems and backend engineers.

• Normalization & Denormalization
  • 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF
  • When denormalization helps in scaling
• Sharding, Partitioning, and Replication
  • Horizontal vs Vertical partitioning
  • Master-slave replication
  • Query routing & consistency trade-offs
• Eventual Consistency
  • In distributed databases (e.g., Postgres replicas, MySQL clusters)
• Views & Materialized Views
  • Read-only views vs refreshable materialized views
• Stored Procedures, Functions & Triggers
  • When and why to use them
  • Pros/cons in microservices context