Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930) was a prominent German theologian and church historian associated with the liberal Protestant tradition. His apologetics sought to defend Christianity by emphasizing its historical essence, ethical core, and relevance for modern life, stripped of what he considered unnecessary dogmatic and metaphysical elements. His approach was rooted in historical-critical methods and sought to make Christianity intellectually credible to modern audiences.

Key Features of Harnack’s Apologetics:

1. Focus on the Historical Jesus:


2. Critique of Dogma:


3. Christianity as a Religion of Spirit and Ethics:


4. Kingdom of God: