目录

1、折中效应

心理学研究表明,当人们在偏好不确定的情况下做选择,往往更喜欢中间的选项,因为中间的选项能够让人们觉得安全,不至于犯下严重的决策错误。折中效应在新产品引入、产品定位和品牌延伸等问题上给与企业很多的启示,比如经济商务酒店。

比如我们去理发店选择,198、 268、 398三个档次的做头发价格,我们一般选择中间的价格,在生活中我们也不愿意做出头鸟,我们一般喜欢做第二,第三个,因为做第一个意味着不安全。

2、从众效应

从众效应(Bandwagon Effect),也称乐队花车效应,是指当个体受到群体的影响(引导或施加的压力),会怀疑并改变自己的观点、判断和行为,朝着与群体大多数人一致的方向变化。也就是指:个体受到群体的影响而怀疑、改变自己的观点、判断和行为等,以和他人保持一致。也就是通常人们所说的“随大流”。

比如我们去淘宝买东西,一般倾向于买那些购买人数比较多的东西,因为购买人数多,意味着安全。所以众多的淘宝卖家才会刷量。

3、沉默成本

人们在决定是否去做一件事情的时候,不仅是看这件事对自己有没有好处,而且也看过去是不是已经在这件事情上有过投入。我们把这些已经发生不可收回的支出,如时间、金钱、精力等称为“沉没成本”。

有的时候情侣之所以不愿意分手,不是因为彼此多深爱对方,而是因为付出的太多,形成执念,比如为对方买的礼物,给对方的陪伴时间、情感的付出,这些都是沉默成本。

越早为商品付过钱的人,对于商品的使用兴趣就越低,而那些分期付款的顾客则会更加积极的使用已购买的产品,这意味着企业可以通过改变付款方式来影响消费者的对商品的使用兴趣和频率,消费者会在使用分过程中不断的体会到产品的价值,京东白条,花呗就是利用这一心理。

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

4、交易效应

所谓交易效用,就是商品的参考价格和商品的实际价格之间的差额的效果。下面是交易效应的典故。

交易效用理论最早由芝加哥大学的塞勒(Richard H. Thaler)教授提出。他设计了一个场景让人们来回答:炎热的夏天,你躺在海滩上,最想做的事情就是喝上一杯冰凉的啤酒。在你做白日梦想着那杯自己最喜爱的啤酒时,你的同伴要去附近的电话亭打一个电话,正好可以帮你看看附近的小杂货店有没有啤酒卖。他要你给他一个你愿意出的最高价钱,如果啤酒价格在你出的价格之内,他就帮你买回来,高于这个价格他就先不买了。那么你最多舍得花多少钱在这个小杂货店买一杯啤酒呢?他让一组人回答这份问卷,最后统计出的平均价格是1.50美元。然后他把这个问卷中“附近的小杂货店”改成“附近的一家高级度假酒店”,把新的问卷给另外一组人做,让他们出一个最高价钱。你知道做了小小的改动之后结果有什么变化吗?改动后统计出的平均价格是2.65美元。同样是在海滩喝一杯买来的冰啤酒,从酒店买和从杂货店买来的相同的啤酒是没有差异的,既不会因为在酒店买而享受到酒店里优雅舒适的环境,也不会因为杂货店的简陋而有任何损失,但为什么从酒店里购买的话人们就愿意支付更高的价钱呢?一般来说,人们总会很宽容地对待酒店里商品的高价,在商品对你自己的实际价值相同的情况下,愿意为其支付的价格更高些。换句话说,如果最后你的朋友帮你买回了啤酒,并告诉你是花了2元钱从酒店里买来的,你一定会很高兴,因为你不仅享受到了美味的啤酒,还买到了便宜货,比你的心理价位节省了0.65美元,获得了很大的交易效用。但是如果你的朋友说是从杂货店买来的,你就会感觉花了2美元是吃亏了,虽然喝到了啤酒,心里却是不怎么高兴,因为此时你的交易效用是负的。可见,对于同样的啤酒,正是由于交易效用在作怪,而引起人们不同的消费感受。

根据交易效应可以设置两种定价策略:

综合定价:300元的温泉门票+20元的矿泉水=320元的温泉门票+免费的矿泉水

打散定价:比如一套艾灸360元,你就可以说一年下来平均每天不到1元。

5、心理账户