Arduino and controllers operate at 5V/3.3V, while commercially available power supplies typically operate at 5V/12V. The custom Jameco 12V label displays three key lines of information:
Input: 120V, 60Hz, 22W AC;
Output: 12V, 1000mA DC;
Outer ring of the output plug is -, inner ring is +.
Configure the appropriate power supply
A simple project containing inputs, outputs, and the core Arduino components might consume less than 200mA. The Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano 33 IoT operate at 5V and 3.3V, respectively. Their onboard voltage regulators and connectors (both headers and pins) are rated for 15V, so they can run from a standard power adapter. (This is consistent with previous project creations.)
Servo motors like the Hitec HS-311 operate at 4.8V-6.0V, but when heavily loaded they can draw up to 440-450mA, which is their limit.
When powering a large DC motor, DC lamp, or other high-current load, voltage and current calculations are usually performed starting with the components with the highest power consumption.
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